Annex E: Summary of provisions relating to vulnerable persons

1. If at any time an officer has reason to suspect that a person of any age may be vulnerable (see paragraph 1.17(d)), in the absence of clear evidence to dispel that suspicion in the absence of clear evidence to dispel that suspicion, that person shall be treated as such for the purposes of this Code and to establish whether any such reason may exist in relation to a person suspected of committing an offence (see paragraph 10.1 and Note 10A), the custody officer shall take, or cause to be taken (see paragraph 3.5 and Note 3I) the following action:

(a) reasonable enquiries shall be made to ascertain what information is available that is relevant to any of the factors described in paragraph 1.17(d) as indicating that the person may be vulnerable might apply;

(b) a record shall be made describing whether any of those factors appear to apply and provide any reason to suspect that the person may be vulnerable or (as the case may be) may not be vulnerable; and

(c) the record mentioned in sub-paragraph (b) shall be made available to be taken into account by police officers, police staff and any others who, in accordance with the provisions of this or any other Code, are required or entitled to communicate with the person in question. This would include any solicitor, appropriate adult and health care professional and is particularly relevant to communication for the purpose of interviewing and questioning after charge (see sections 11, 12 and 15), live link interpretation (see paragraph 13.12) and reviews and extensions of detention (see section 14).

See Notes 1G, E4, E5 and E6.

2. In the case of a person who is vulnerable, ‘the appropriate adult’ means:

(i) a relative, guardian or other person responsible for their care or custody;

(ii) someone experienced in dealing with vulnerable persons but who is not:

a police officer;

employed by the police;

under the direction or control of the chief officer of a police force;

a person who provides services under contractual arrangements (but without being employed by the chief officer of a police force), to assist that force in relation to the discharge of its chief officer’s functions,

whether or not they are on duty at the time.

(iii) failing these, some other responsible adult aged 18 or over who is other than a person described in the bullet points in sub-paragraph (ii) above.

See paragraph 1.13(b) and Note 1D

2A The role of the appropriate adult is to safeguard the rights, entitlements and welfare of ‘vulnerable persons’ (see paragraph 1) to whom the provisions of this and any other Code of Practice apply. For this reason, the appropriate adult is expected, amongst other things, to:

support, advise and assist them when in accordance with this code or any other Code of Practice they are given or asked to provide information or participate in any procedure;

observe whether the police are acting properly and fairly to respect their rights and entitlements , and inform an officer of the rank of inspector or above if they consider that they are not;

assist them to communicate with the police whilst respecting their right to say nothing unless they want to as set out in the terms of the caution see paragraphs 10.5 and 10.6);

help them to understand their rights and ensure that those rights are protected and respected.

See paragraph 1.13A.

3. If the detention of a person who is vulnerable is authorised by the review officer (see paragraphs 14.1 and 14.2 and Notes 14A and 14B), the custody officer must as soon as practicable inform the appropriate adult of the grounds for detention and the person’s whereabouts, and secure the attendance of the appropriate adult at the police station to see the detainee. If the appropriate adult:

is already at the station when information is given as in paragraphs 3.1 to 3.5 the information must be given in their presence;

is not at the station when the provisions of paragraph 3.1 to 3.5 are complied with these provisions must be complied with again in their presence once they arrive.

See paragraphs 3.15 to 3.16

4. If the appropriate adult, having been informed of the right to legal advice, considers legal advice should be taken, the provisions of section 6 apply as if the vulnerable person had requested access to legal advice. See paragraphs 3.20, 6.6 and Note E1.

5. The custody officer must make sure a person receives appropriate clinical attention as soon as reasonably practicable if the person appears to be suffering from a mental disorder or in urgent cases immediately call the nearest appropriate healthcare professional or an ambulance. See paragraphs 9.6 and 9.8. See Code C paragraphs 9.5 and 9.6 which when a person is detained under the Mental Health Act 1983, sections 135 and 136, as amended by the Policing and Crime Act 2017.

6. If a vulnerable person is cautioned in the absence of the appropriate adult, the caution must be repeated in the appropriate adult’s presence. See paragraph 10.13.

7. A vulnerable person must not be interviewed or asked to provide or sign a written statement in the absence of the appropriate adult unless the provisions of paragraphs 11.2 or 11.11 to 11.13 apply. Questioning in these circumstances may not continue in the absence of the appropriate adult once sufficient information to avert the risk has been obtained. A record shall be made of the grounds for any decision to begin an interview in these circumstances. See paragraphs 11.2, 11.9 and 11.11 to 11.13

8. If the appropriate adult is present at an interview, they shall be informed they are not expected to act simply as an observer and the purposes of their presence are to:

advise the interviewee

observe whether or not the interview is being conducted properly and fairly

facilitate communication with the interviewee See paragraph 11.10.

9. If the custody officer charges a vulnerable person with an offence or takes such other action as is appropriate when there is sufficient evidence for a prosecution this must be carried out in the presence of the appropriate adult if they are at the police station. A copy of the written notice embodying any charge must be given to the appropriate adult. See PACE Code C Section 16.

10. An intimate or strip search of a vulnerable person may take place only in the presence of the appropriate adult of the same sex, unless the detainee specifically requests the presence of a particular adult of the opposite sex. A strip search may take place in the absence of an appropriate adult only in cases of urgency when there is a risk of serious harm to the detainee or others. See Annex A, paragraphs 6 and 12(c)

11. Particular care must be taken when deciding whether to use any form of approved restraints on a vulnerable person in a locked cell. See paragraph 8.2.

E1 The purpose of the provisions at paragraph 3.20 and 6.6 is to protect the rights of a vulnerable person who does not understand the significance of what is said to them. A vulnerable person should always be given an opportunity, when an appropriate adult is called to the police station, to consult privately with a solicitor in the absence of the appropriate adult if they want.

E2 Although vulnerable persons are often capable of providing reliable evidence, they may, without knowing or wanting to do so, be particularly prone in certain circumstances to provide information that may be unreliable, misleading or self-incriminating. Special care should always be taken when questioning such a person, and the appropriate adult should be involved if there is any doubt about a person’s mental state or capacity. Because of the risk of unreliable evidence, it is important to obtain corroboration of any facts admitted whenever possible.

E3 Because of the risks referred to in Note E2, which the presence of the appropriate adult is intended to minimise, officers of superintendent rank or above should exercise their discretion to authorise the commencement of an interview in the appropriate adult’s absence only in exceptional cases, if it is necessary to avert one or more of the specified risks in paragraph 11.2. See paragraphs 11.2 and 11.11 to 11.13.

E4 For the purposes of Annex E paragraph 1, examples of relevant information that may be available include:

the behaviour of the adult or juvenile;

the mental health and capacity of the adult or juvenile;

what the adult or juvenile says about themselves;

information from relatives and friends of the adult or juvenile;

information from police officers and staff and from police records;

information from health and social care (including liaison and diversion services) and other professionals who know, or have had previous contact with, the individual and may be able to contribute to assessing their need for help and support from an appropriate adult. This includes contacts and assessments arranged by the police or at the request of the individual or (as applicable) their appropriate adult or solicitor.

E5 The Mental Health Act 1983 Code of Practice at page 26 describes the range of clinically recognised conditions which can fall with the meaning of mental disorder for the purpose of paragraph 1.17(d). The Code is published here:

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/code-of-practice-mental-health-act-1983.

E6 When a person is under the influence of drink and/or drugs, it is not intended that they are to be treated as vulnerable and requiring an appropriate adult for the purpose of unless other information indicates that any of the factors described in paragraph 1.17(d) may apply to that person. When the person has recovered from the effects of drink and/or drugs, they should be re-assessed in accordance with Annex E paragraph 1.