Zero-tolerance policing
Evidence-rated crime-reduction intervention (EMMIE).
Effect on crime
mixed evidence
Evidence quality
very strong
Cost
low
What the evidence says
Zero-tolerance policing is a strategy aimed at reducing crime through strict law enforcement that focuses on aggressive order maintenance. The evidence shows mixed findings, with some studies indicating no statistically significant effect on crime rates, while others suggest potential increases in crime in certain contexts. A systematic review encompassing 56 studies highlights that while this strategy addresses social and physical disorder, it often fails to produce consistent reductions in crime and can lead to negative outcomes such as racial disparities.
How it works
The intervention works by increasing the enforcement of laws against low-level offenses to address public disorder, theoretically deterring more serious crime through improved neighborhood conditions. It is based on the 'broken windows theory' which suggests that visible signs of disorder lead to more serious crime.
Implementation
The review lacks specific implementation details but notes potential risks, including racial disparities in policing and excessive punishment of marginalized youth. Thus, careful consideration is necessary.
Source: College of Policing Crime Reduction Toolkit (What Works Centre for Crime Reduction). Summarised 2026-07-15. BlueLineHub is independent and not affiliated with the College of Policing.