Wilderness challenge programmes
Evidence-rated crime-reduction intervention (EMMIE).
Effect on crime
reduces crime
Evidence quality
strong
Cost
moderate
What the evidence says
Wilderness challenge programmes involve physically demanding outdoor activities aimed at reducing crime among young offenders aged 10 to 18. Evidence suggests that these programmes can reduce reoffending rates, with participants having a 29% reoffending rate compared to 37% in control groups. The interventions promote self-esteem and self-control among participants, which are related to antisocial behavior.
How it works
The programmes provide direct experiences that foster personal growth through challenging outdoor activities, which help participants build self-esteem, self-control, and prosocial skills. Increased self-esteem and self-control are believed to reduce the likelihood of reoffending.
Implementation
Typically involving small groups led by instructors, these programmes focus on physical conditioning and survival skills, with challenges designed to promote self-sufficiency. Barriers include participants' varying physical fitness levels and the need for effective after-care.
Source: College of Policing Crime Reduction Toolkit (What Works Centre for Crime Reduction). Summarised 2026-07-15. BlueLineHub is independent and not affiliated with the College of Policing.