Focused Deterrence Strategies
Evidence-rated crime-reduction intervention (EMMIE).
Effect on crime
reduces crime
Evidence quality
very strong
What the evidence says
Focused deterrence strategies (FDSs) are interventions targeting prolific offenders by combining strict enforcement with support services. Evidence from a meta-analysis of 24 studies, primarily from the USA, suggests that these strategies lead to a moderate overall reduction in crime, particularly effective against serious violence related to gangs. However, implementation challenges, especially in drug market intervention programmes, can affect effectiveness.
How it works
FDSs aim to change offender behavior by increasing perceived risks of arrest through targeted communication and providing social services like employment training and substance abuse treatment. They leverage community engagement and family disapproval to deter criminal behavior.
Implementation
Successful FDSs require tailoring strategies to specific local crime problems, establishing community relationships, and addressing potential implementation challenges such as community engagement and resource availability.
Source: College of Policing Crime Reduction Toolkit (What Works Centre for Crime Reduction). Summarised 2026-07-15. BlueLineHub is independent and not affiliated with the College of Policing.