Boot camps
Evidence-rated crime-reduction intervention (EMMIE).
Effect on crime
mixed evidence
Evidence quality
strong
Cost
low
What the evidence says
Boot camps are military-style programs for juvenile or adult offenders serving as alternatives to prison or probation. Evidence from systematic reviews indicates mixed findings regarding their effectiveness in reducing crime, with some studies showing both positive and negative outcomes, but overall there is no statistically significant effect on reoffending rates. The quality of evidence is strong for understanding how these programs work, with a focus on discipline and physical activity, but implementation and specific context factors play significant roles in their success.
How it works
Boot camps promote structured daily routines and discipline through rigorous physical training, which is intended to instill respect and compliance with laws among participants. Skills for controlling behavior are learned through adherence to rules and positive reinforcement of pro-social behaviors.
Implementation
Programs typically last between 90 and 180 days, with structured environments resembling military barracks and immediate punishments for misbehavior. Successful outcomes are associated with the inclusion of therapeutic elements.
Source: College of Policing Crime Reduction Toolkit (What Works Centre for Crime Reduction). Summarised 2026-07-15. BlueLineHub is independent and not affiliated with the College of Policing.